从零开始手敲次世代游戏引擎(八十三)

本篇我们来实现游戏内交互界面(GUI)

游戏内GUI的实现可以有很多选择,我这里选用轻量级并且支持多平台的Dear ImGui。因为它整体上的结构与我们的引擎比较契合。

https://github.com/ocornut/imgui

这个Dear ImGui在业界也十分有名,其脱胎于PSV的Tearaway这款游戏,之后由原作者进行了大量的整理扩展工作,在诸如育碧的《刺客信条 奥德赛》《刺客信条 起源》、索尼的《拯救宇宙机器人》、SE的《FFVII重制版》、Mojang的《我的世界(Bedrock)》、暴雪的《Warcraft III: Reforged》等等知名游戏当中都有应用。同时也被集成在UE、Unity、Cocos2D等知名引擎当中。

Tearawayhttps://github.com/ocornut/imgui/wiki/Software-using-dear-imgui

Dear ImGui以一组自包含的源代码形式提供。其本身封装了GUI部件的状态逻辑与控制,通过一个被称为ImGui::IO的模块与外部进行通信,包括获取用户输入以及输出渲染指令。Dear ImGui本身是平台及图形渲染API无关的。使用者需要将平台的用户输入事件转换传递给ImGui::IO,然后将ImGui::IO当中保存的平台无关绘图命令队列转换成具体的图形渲染API队列。

不过,因为大量成熟项目的应用,Dear ImGui自身已经相当稳定,并且随代码提供了一系列常见平台和图形API的绑定源代码。这些代码以代码片段的方式提供,可以很容易插入到我们自己的工程当中。

Officially maintained bindings (in repository):
Renderers: DirectX9, DirectX10, DirectX11, DirectX12, OpenGL (legacy), OpenGL3/ES/ES2 (modern), Vulkan, Metal.
Platforms: GLFW, SDL2, Win32, Glut, OSX.
Frameworks: Emscripten, Allegro5, Marmalade.
Third-party bindings (see Bindings page):
Languages: C, C#/.Net, ChaiScript, D, Go, Haskell, Haxe/hxcpp, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Kotlin, Lua, Odin, Pascal, PureBasic, Python, Ruby, Rust, Swift…
Frameworks: AGS/Adventure Game Studio, Amethyst, bsf, Cinder, Cocos2d-x, Diligent Engine, Flexium, GML/Game Maker Studio2, GTK3+OpenGL3, Irrlicht Engine, LÖVE+LUA, Magnum, NanoRT, Nim Game Lib, Ogre, openFrameworks, OSG/OpenSceneGraph, Orx, Photoshop, px_render, Qt/QtDirect3D, SFML, Sokol, Unity, Unreal Engine 4, vtk, Win32 GDI, WxWidgets.
Note that C bindings (cimgui) are auto-generated, you can use its json/lua output to generate bindings for other languages.
Also see Wiki for more links and ideas.

接下来我们来实际操作一下。

首先是将Dear ImGui的Repository加入我们的外部模块当中:

git submodule add --name imgui https://github.com/ocornut/imgui.git External/src/imgui

代码签出之后,我们用tree命令看一下它的构造:

虽然有不少的代码,但是其实Dear ImGui自身只是顶层目录下的那几个文件(上图最下方)。examples下面的文件都是各个平台及图形API绑定的参考代码,并不是Dear ImGui的主体部分。

Dear ImGui将自身也划分成3个层面:平台、图形API、核心。这种划分与我们的引擎十分接近。因此,我们首先在引擎的平台对接层完成Dear ImGui的Binding的对接:

Platform/Windows/WindowsApplication.cpp

#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_win32.h"

void WindowsApplication::CreateMainWindow() {
    // get the HINSTANCE of the Console Program
    HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

    // this struct holds information for the window class
    WNDCLASSEX wc;

    // clear out the window class for use
    ZeroMemory(&wc, sizeof(WNDCLASSEX));

...
    // display the window on the screen
    ShowWindow(m_hWnd, SW_SHOW);

    // Initialize ImGui
    IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
    ImGui::CreateContext();
    [[maybe_unused]] ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();

    ImGui_ImplWin32_Init(m_hWnd);
    ImGui_ImplWin32_EnableDpiAwareness();

    ImGui::StyleColorsDark();
}

void WindowsApplication::Finalize() {
    // Finalize ImGui
    ImGui_ImplWin32_Shutdown();
    ImGui::DestroyContext();

    ReleaseDC(m_hWnd, m_hDc);

    BaseApplication::Finalize();
}

extern IMGUI_IMPL_API LRESULT ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(HWND hWnd,
                                                             UINT msg,
                                                             WPARAM wParam,
                                                             LPARAM lParam);

// this is the main message handler for the program
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowsApplication::WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message,
                                                WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
    LRESULT result = 0;

    WindowsApplication* pThis;
    if (message == WM_NCCREATE) {
        pThis = static_cast<WindowsApplication*>(
            reinterpret_cast<CREATESTRUCT*>(lParam)->lpCreateParams);

        SetLastError(0);
        if (!SetWindowLongPtr(hWnd, GWLP_USERDATA,
                              reinterpret_cast<LONG_PTR>(pThis))) {
            if (GetLastError() != 0) return FALSE;
        }
    } else {
        pThis = reinterpret_cast<WindowsApplication*>(
            GetWindowLongPtr(hWnd, GWLP_USERDATA));
    }

    // ImGui message handler
    result = ImGui_ImplWin32_WndProcHandler(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);

    // sort through and find what code to run for the message given
    switch (message) {
        case WM_CHAR: {
            g_pInputManager->AsciiKeyDown(static_cast<char>(wParam));
        } break;
        case WM_KEYUP: {
...
        // this message is read when the window is closed
        case WM_DESTROY: {
            // close the application entirely
            PostQuitMessage(0);
            m_bQuit = true;
        } break;
        default:
            // Handle any messages the switch statement didn't
            result = DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
    }

    return result;
}

上面加粗的部分就是新插入的ImGui的代码片段。可以看到对我们程序原本的结构基本没有任何破坏,非常干净。

接下来,是在图形API环境,也就是我们的RHI当中,插入ImGui图形API绑定的相关代码:

RHI/OpenGL/OpenGLGraphicsManager.cpp

#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_opengl3.h"
#ifdef OS_WINDOWS
#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_win32.h"
#endif

int OpenGLGraphicsManager::Initialize() {
    int result;

    result = OpenGLGraphicsManagerCommonBase::Initialize();

    if (result) {
        return result;
    }

    result = gladLoadGL();
...
    ImGui_ImplOpenGL3_Init("#version 420");

    return result;
}

void OpenGLGraphicsManager::Finalize() {
    ImGui_ImplOpenGL3_Shutdown();
    OpenGLGraphicsManagerCommonBase::Finalize();
}

void OpenGLGraphicsManager::BeginFrame(const Frame& frame) {
    OpenGLGraphicsManagerCommonBase::BeginFrame(frame);
    ImGui_ImplOpenGL3_NewFrame();
#ifdef OS_WINDOWS
    ImGui_ImplWin32_NewFrame();
#endif
}

void OpenGLGraphicsManager::EndFrame(const Frame& frame) {
    ImGui_ImplOpenGL3_RenderDrawData(ImGui::GetDrawData());
    OpenGLGraphicsManagerCommonBase::EndFrame(frame);
}

同样,加粗的部分是插入的ImGui图形API绑定的代码片段。寥寥几行,非常干净。不过原本按照我们的模块划分,RHI里面是不应该有平台相关的代码的。我这里暂时将平台相关代码放在这里,用宏定义标出,今后需要将这一部分进一步整理到Platform下面去。

这样平台及RHI相关的部分就植入完毕了。接下来就是使用了:

Framework/Common/GraphicsManager.cpp

void GraphicsManager::Draw() {
    auto& frame = m_Frames[m_nFrameIndex];

    for (auto& pDrawPass : m_DrawPasses) {
        pDrawPass->BeginPass();
        pDrawPass->Draw(frame);
        pDrawPass->EndPass();
    }

    if (ImGui::GetCurrentContext())
    {
        ImGui::NewFrame();

        ImGui::ShowDemoWindow();

        ImGui::Render();
    }
}

依然,非常地简单。在场景绘制完成之后,追加GUI绘制的部分就可以了。当然,这部分目前也是临时这么写,根据我们引擎的结构,应该将这部分整理到DrawPass或者DrawSubPass当中去。

接下来我们对应MacOS(OS X)+Metal。基本思路是一样的。首先是平台层面:

Platform/Darwin/CocoaApplication.mm

#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_osx.h"

void CocoaApplication::CreateMainWindow() {
    [NSApplication sharedApplication];

...
    [m_pWindow setTitle:appName];
    [m_pWindow makeKeyAndOrderFront:nil];
    id winDelegate = [WindowDelegate new];
    [m_pWindow setDelegate:winDelegate];
    [winDelegate release];

    // Initialize ImGui
    IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
    ImGui::CreateContext();
    [[maybe_unused]] ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();

    ImGui_ImplOSX_Init();

    ImGui::StyleColorsDark();
}

void CocoaApplication::Finalize() {
    ImGui_ImplOSX_Shutdown();

    [m_pWindow release];
    BaseApplication::Finalize();
}

void CocoaApplication::Tick() {
    while (NSEvent* event = [NSApp nextEventMatchingMask:NSEventMaskAny
                                               untilDate:nil
                                                  inMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode
                                                 dequeue:YES]) {

        ImGui_ImplOSX_HandleEvent(event, [m_pWindow contentView]);

        switch ([(NSEvent*)event type]) {
            case NSEventTypeKeyUp:
                NSLog(@"[CocoaApp] Key Up Event Received!");
                if ([event modifierFlags] & NSEventModifierFlagNumericPad) {
                    // arrow keys
                    NSString* theArrow = [event charactersIgnoringModifiers];
                    unichar keyChar = 0;
     

然后是RHI层面:

RHI/Metal/Metal2Renderer.mm

#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_metal.h"
#include "imgui/examples/imgui_impl_osx.h

- (void)initialize {
    [self loadMetal];
    ImGui_ImplMetal_Init(_device);
}

- (void)finalize {
    ImGui_ImplMetal_Shutdown();
}

- (void)beginFrame:(const My::Frame&)frame {
    // Wait to ensure only GEFSMaxBuffersInFlight are getting processed by any stage in the Metal
    // pipeline (App, Metal, Drivers, GPU, etc)
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(_inFlightSemaphore[frame.frameIndex], DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);

    // now fill the per frame buffers
    [self setPerFrameConstants:frame.frameContext frameIndex:frame.frameIndex];
    [self setLightInfo:frame.lightInfo frameIndex:frame.frameIndex];

    ImGui_ImplMetal_NewFrame(_mtkView.currentRenderPassDescriptor);
    ImGui_ImplOSX_NewFrame(_mtkView);
}

- (void)endFrame:(const Frame&)frame {
    // Create a new command buffer for each render pass to the current drawable
    _commandBuffer = [_commandQueue commandBuffer];
    _commandBuffer.label = @"GUI Command Buffer";
    [_commandBuffer enqueue];

    if (_renderPassDescriptor) {
        _renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments[0].loadAction = MTLLoadActionLoad;
        _renderPassDescriptor.depthAttachment.loadAction = MTLLoadActionLoad;

        _renderEncoder = [_commandBuffer renderCommandEncoderWithDescriptor:_renderPassDescriptor];
        _renderEncoder.label = @"GuiRenderEncoder";

        ImGui_ImplMetal_RenderDrawData(ImGui::GetDrawData(), _commandBuffer, _renderEncoder);

        [_renderEncoder endEncoding];
    }

    [_commandBuffer presentDrawable:_mtkView.currentDrawable];

    // Add completion hander which signals _inFlightSemaphore when Metal and the GPU has fully
    // finished processing the commands we're encoding this frame.
    __block dispatch_semaphore_t block_sema = _inFlightSemaphore[frame.frameIndex];
    [_commandBuffer addCompletedHandler:^(id<MTLCommandBuffer> buffer) {
      dispatch_semaphore_signal(block_sema);
    }];

    [_commandBuffer commit];
}

有几个需要注意的点:

  1. ImGui_ImplMetal_NewFrame(_mtkView.currentRenderPassDescriptor)当中使用了 _weak 关键字,但是我们的代码没有使用ARC,所以编译会报错。解决的方法是在CMake当中追加如下属性打开Clang的一个编译选项:
    set_property (TARGET MetalRHI APPEND_STRING PROPERTY COMPILE_FLAGS "-fobjc-weak")
  2. Metal的renderEncoder会在开始的时候对attachment执行制定的loadAction。缺省为Clear。所以需要将其手动指定为MTLoadActionLoad来避免场景渲染结果被清除。

下面是执行效果。和Windows上是一致的。

来源:知乎 www.zhihu.com

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